<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
   <head>
      <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
      <title>DHQ: Digital Humanities Quarterly: 2025</title>
      <style type="text/css">/* CSS for all DHQ media */

* { 
    border: 0;
    padding: 0;
}
body {
    font-family: Arial, 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;
    background-color: #ffffff;
    color: #000000;
    text-align: left;
    margin: 0;
}
/***************************************************
Main Content
***************************************************/
h1,
div#toc p,
div#titleIndex div,
div#authorIndex p,
div.author {
    text-align: left;
}
a.expandCollapse:link,
a.expandCollapse:visited,
a.expandCollapse:active,
a.expandCollapse:hover {
    text-decoration: none;  
}
div#pubInfo {
    font-size: smaller;
    margin-bottom: 1em;
}
#mainContent {
    text-align: justify;
    background-attachment: fixed; 
    background-repeat: no-repeat; 
    background-position: center center;
    /* Watermark ends. [CRB] */
}
#mainContent img {
    max-width: 700px;
    width: auto;
    /*max-width: 85%;
    width: expression(this.width &gt; 700 ? 700: true);*/ /* for IE6 fake max-width */
}
#mainContent ol li {
    display: list-item;
    vertical-align: top;
    position: relative;
    top: -.1em;
    max-width: 95%;
}
#mainContent ul li {
    vertical-align: top;
    position: relative;
    top: -.1em;
    max-width: 95%;
}
#mainContent ul,
#mainContent ol {
	margin-left: 3em;
}
#mainContent table {
    max-width: 95%;
}
.ptext {
    margin: 1em 0;
    max-width: 95%;
    line-height:1.5;
}
.lg {
    margin: 1em 0 1em 2em;
    max-width: 95%;
}
li .ptext {
	max-width:  100%;
	margin-top: .4em;
	margin-bottom: .4em;
}
ul.simple {
    list-style-type: none;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}
ul.simple li {
    margin: 0;
    padding: .1em 0;
}
div.example blockquote.eg {
    margin-left: 0;
    margin-right: 0;
}
/* use to dedent simple lists inside blockquotes */
blockquote ul.simple {
	text-indent: -3em;
}
blockquote ul.simple &gt; li {
	margin-left: 0;
}
blockquote.quotedlist ul li {
	margin-left: -2em;
}
blockquote.quotedlist ul.simple li {
	margin-left: 0;
}
div.l {
    padding-left: 1em;
    text-indent: -1em;
}

.indent-1 {text-indent:0em !important;}
.indent-2 {text-indent:1em !important;}
.indent-3 {text-indent:2em !important;}
.indent-4 {text-indent:3em !important;}
.indent-5 {text-indent:4em !important;}
.indent-6 {text-indent:5em !important;}

div.epigraph {
    padding-top: 2em;
    padding-bottom: 2em;
    margin-left: 2em;
    max-width: 95%;
}
div.counter {
    padding: .2em;
    margin: .2em 0;
    float: right;
    border: 1px solid #ccc;
    background-color: #eee;
    color: #333;
}
div#worksCited div.bibl {
    margin: 1em 0;
    padding-left: 2em;
    text-indent: -1.5em;
    width: 95%;
    text-align: left;
}

/* accommodate bibliographic lists outside the Works Cited */
div.div0 div.bibl {
    margin: 1em 0;
    padding-left: 2em;
    text-indent: -1.5em;
    width: 95%;
    text-align: left;
}


div.bibl div.bibl {
    display:inline;
    margin:0 !important;
    padding-left:0 !important;
    text-indent:0 !important;
    width:inherit !important;
}

div#worksCited h2, div#notes h2 {
    text-align: center;   
}
div#worksCited div.bibl span.ref {
    font-weight: bold;
}
/* added the rule below to accommodate bibls that are in a listBibl in an Appendix, to allow their labels to be bold */
div.div0 div.bibl span.ref {
    font-weight: bold;
}


a.ref {
     font-weight: normal;
}

/*
div.figure {
	margin-top:.5em;
	margin-right:auto;
	margin-bottom:.5em;
	margin-left:auto;
	text-align:center;
}

div.figure div.label {
width:80%;
margin-left:auto;
text-align:left;

}
*/
div.figure,
div.example,
div.table {
    margin: .5em 0 .5em 2em;
    color: #333333;
}
/* We need to include `#mainContent` here to override the `#mainContent img` rule above. */
#mainContent div.figure img {
    width: 100%;
    /*max-width: 100%;
    width: expression(this.width &gt; 700 ? 700: true);*/ /* for IE6 fake max-width */
}
pre {
    white-space: pre-wrap;
    word-wrap: break-word;       /* IE tweak */
}
tt,
.monospace {
    font-family: courier, fixed, monospace;
}
tt {
    font-size: .9em;
}

div.label {
    font-weight: bold;
    font-size: smaller; 
    padding: .5em 0;
    max-width:95%; 
}

div.caption, div.revisionNote {
		border: 1px solid black;
		font-size: smaller;
		margin:1em;
		width:75%;
		background-color:#d5dfe9;
		padding:1em;
}

div.caption div.label {
font-size:inherit;
display:inline;

}
p.quote,
p.speech,
p.ptr,
p.ref {
    margin-top: .3em;
    margin-bottom: .3em;
    max-width: 95%;
    line-height:1.5;
}
p.bio {
    margin-left: 1.3em;
    font-size: smaller;
}
td {
	padding: .2em;
}
dd {
    max-width: 90%;
}
tr.label,
td.label {
	font-weight: bold;
	padding: .2em;
}
tr {
    text-align: left;
}
div.endnote {
    margin: 1em 0 1em 0;
    max-width: 95%;
    text-align: left;
}
a.noteRef, 
span.noteRef {
    vertical-align: super;
    font-size: smaller;
    text-decoration: none;
}
div.index_top {
    margin-top: 1em;
    margin-bottom: 0em;
}
p.index_top,
p.index_item {
    margin: 0 0 0 2em;
}
p.index_bottom {
    margin: 0 0 1em 2em;
}
div.authors {
    margin: 0 0 1em 2em;
}
.subscript {
	vertical-align: sub;
	font-size: smaller;
}
.superscript {
	vertical-align: super;
	font-size: smaller;
}
.italic {
    font-style: italic;
}
.i {
    font-style: italic;
}
.bold {
    font-weight: bold;  
}
.b {
    font-weight: bold;  
}
.strikethrough {
    text-decoration: line-through;
}
.smcaps {
    font-variant: small-caps;    
}
.underlined {
    text-decoration: underline;
}
.u {
    text-decoration: underline;
}
.speaker {
    font-weight: bold;
    vertical-align: top;
    width: 80px;
    white-space: pre-wrap;
    word-wrap: break-word;       /* IE tweak */
}
.stage {
    font-weight: normal;
}
.none {
    font-style: normal;
}
.off {
    color: gray;
}

.center {
display:block;
margin-left:auto;
margin-right:auto;
text-align:center;
}

table {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #dddddd;
  border-right: 1px solid #dddddd;
  border-spacing: 0;
}

table td {
padding: 3px 10px;
  border-top: 1px solid #dddddd;
  border-left: 1px solid #dddddd;
}

table th, table tr.label td, table td.label {
padding: 3px 10px;
  background-color: #eee;
  border-top: 1px solid #dddddd;
  border-left: 1px solid #dddddd;
}

#DHQtext form {	
  padding: 1em;
  margin: 1em;
  border: 1px solid black;
}

#DHQtext textarea { 
  padding: 1em;
  margin: 1em;
  border: 1px solid black;
  background-color: #eff2f4;
}

.license {margin-top:1em; font-size: .75em;}


/* CSS specific to the Author and Title indexes */

#mainContent .index-navbar ul {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.75em 0;
  justify-content: center;
  list-style: none;
  margin-left: 0;
  padding: 0.25em 0.5em;
}

#mainContent .index-navbar ul li {
  border: thin solid #dddddd;
  display: inline-block;
  padding: 0.125em 0.75em;
  position: unset;
}
</style>
      <style type="text/css" media="screen">/* CSS for DHQ screen */

body {
    font-size: .9em;
    /*background-image: url('/common/images/bar.png');
    background-repeat: repeat-y;*/
    min-width: 800px;
    width: 800px;
}
@media (min-width: 801px) {
  body {
    width: auto;
  }
}
a:visited {
    color: #333333;
    text-decoration: underline;
}
a:link {
    color: #6789a8;
    text-decoration: underline;
}
a:active {
    color: #6789a8;
    text-decoration: underline;
}
a:hover {
    color: #aa4d0f;
    text-decoration: underline;
}

div.counter a {
    color: inherit;
    text-decoration: none;
}

h1 {
    font-size: 1.4em;
}
h2 {
    font-size: 1.3em;
}
h3 {
    font-size: 1.1em;   
}
h4 {
    font-size: 1em;  
}
h5 {
    font-size: 1em;    
}
h6 {
    font-size: .9em;   
}

/***************************************************
Banner, Top Navigation
***************************************************/
#top {
    height: 87px;
    width: 800px;
}
@media (min-width: 801px) {
  #top {
    width: auto;
  }
}
#backgroundpic {
    position: absolute;
    left: 0px;
    top: 0px;
    height: 60px;
    width: 100%;
    min-width: 800px;
    z-index: -1;
}
#banner {
    height: 85px;
}
#dhqlogo {
    margin-top: -2px;
    margin-left: -10px;
    position: absolute;
    z-index: 2;
}
#dhqlogo img {
    height: 85px;
}
#longdhqlogo {
    margin-top: 3px;
    float: right;
    position: relative;
    z-index: 2;
}
#longdhqlogo img {
    height: 60px;
}
#topNavigation {
    margin-top: -23px;
    background-color: #acbac7;
    border-top: solid 1px black;
    border-bottom: solid 1px black;
    height: 28px;
    /*width: 100%;*/
    position: relative;
    z-index: 1;
    width: 800px;
}
@media (min-width: 801px) {
  #topNavigation {
    width: auto;
  }
}
#topnavlinks {
    font-size: 1.3em;
    margin-left: 170px;
    margin-top: 3px;
	position: absolute;
}
#searchStuff {
    margin-top: 3px;
    float: right;
    margin-right: .5em;
}
a.topnav:visited {
    color: #000000;
    text-decoration: none;
    padding: 1px;
}
a.topnav:link {
    color: #000000;
    text-decoration: none;
    padding: 1px;
}
a.topnav:active {
    color: #000000;
    text-decoration: none;
    padding: 1px;
}
a.topnav:hover {
    background-color: #dddddd;
    text-decoration: none;
    padding: 1px;
}
#topnavlinks span {
    font-size: 0.75em;
    border-right: dashed 1px #000000;
	padding-left: 1em;
	padding-right: 1em;
	vertical-align: middle;
}
span#rightmost {
    border-right: none;
}

/***************************************************
Side Navigation, Side Content
***************************************************/
#leftsidebar {
    background-color: #e6edf5;
    border-right: thin solid black;
    font-size: 0.8em;
    float: left;
}
#leftsidebar img {
    margin-left: 5px;
    margin-top: 0px;
}
#leftsidebar h3 {
    letter-spacing: 2px;
}
#leftsidebar ul {
    list-style-type: none;
    padding: 5px;
    margin: .2em;
}
#leftsidebar li {
    /* common/images/bullet.gif */
    background-image: url('data:image/gif;base64,Qk1eBAAAAAAAADYEAAAoAAAABQAAAAUAAAABAAgAAAAAACgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAAAAAQAAmZmZADMzMwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEBAQEBAAAAAQAAAAEAAAABAAAAAQAAAAEAAAABAAAAAQEBAQEAAAA=');
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-position: 0 .4em;
    padding-left: .8em;
    padding-bottom: .5em;
    color: #000000;
}
p.leftsidebar {
    text-align: right;
}
#leftsidenav {
    position: relative;
    margin-left: 7px;
    padding-left: 24px;
    padding-top: 10px;
    padding-bottom: 10px;
    margin-top: 0px;
    background-color: #FFFFFF;
}
#leftsidenav span {
    font-size: 1.1em;
    font-weight: bold;
}
#leftsidenav ul {
    list-style-type: none;
    padding: 5px;
    margin: .2em;
}
#leftsidenav li {
    /* common/images/arrows.gif */
    background-image: url('data:image/gif;base64,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');
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-position: .1em;
    padding-left: 1.3em;
    padding-bottom: .3em;
    color: #000000;
    padding-top: .3em;
}
#leftsideID {
    clear: both;
    padding: 10px;
    font-size: 1em;
    margin-top: 0px;
    margin-left: 2em;
    margin-right: 1em;
    border-bottom: 1px dashed #000000;
}
.leftsidecontent {
    clear: both;
    padding: 10px;
    font-size: 1em;
    margin-top: 0px;
    margin-left: 2em;
    margin-right: 1em;
    border-bottom: 1px dashed #000000;
}

/***************************************************
Main Content
***************************************************/
div.toolbar {
	font-size: .85em;
	color: #333333;
	text-align: center;
	background-color: #eeeeee;
	padding: .4em;
	border: 1px #cccccc solid;
}
div.dhqArticle {
    /*margin: 0 2em 2em 2em;*/
}
#mainContent {
    float: none;
    padding-top: 2em;
    padding-left: 4em;
    padding-right: 4em;
	margin-left: 225px;
}
#toc {
    text-align: left;
}
#editContent {
    float: left;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
    width: 100%;
}
h1.volumeIssue {
    letter-spacing: 2px;
    color: #5c6a77;
    text-align: right;
}
#printSiteTitle {
    display: none;
}
.viewAbstract {
    font-size: .85em;
    color: #333333;
    margin-top: -10px;
}
#abstract,  div.revisionNote {
    border: 1px solid black;
    margin: 1em;
    margin-bottom: 4em;
  	width: 85%;
    background-color: #d5dfe9;
    font-size: .9em;
    padding: 1em 2em;
}
.abstract {
	border: 1px solid black;
    margin: 1em;
    width: 85%;
    background-color: #d5dfe9;
    font-size: .8em;
    padding: 1em 2em;
}
#recommendations {
    border: 1px solid black;
    margin: 1em;
    width: 85%;
    background-color: #f7f7f7;
    font-size: .95em;
    padding: 1em 2em;
}
/* Using a darker blue for the recommendation links improves contrast */
#recommendations a:link {
    color: #005199;
}

input {
    border: 1px solid black;
    margin-right:2px;
    margin-left:.5em;
    padding: 1.5px;
}

#DHQtext input {
    border: 1px solid black;
    padding: .25em;
}


.left {
    text-align: left;
}
.right {
    text-align: right;
}
.center {
    text-align: center;
}
.error {
    color: red;
}
.score {
    vertical-align: top;
    padding-left: 25px;
    padding-right: 10px;
}
.rank {
    vertical-align: top;
    padding-left: 25px;
    padding-right: 30px;
}
#search_hits {
    border: 1px solid black;
    margin: 1em;
    background-color: #d5dfe9;
    padding: 1em 2em;
    font-weight: bold;
}
#search_help,
#article_list {
    border-collapse: collapse;
    margin-left: auto;
    margin-right: auto;
}
#search_help caption {
    text-align: left;
    font-size: 1.2em;
    font-weight: bold;
    margin-bottom: 10px;
}
#search_help th {
    text-align: center;
    background-color: #d5dfe9;
}
#article_list th {
    text-align: center;
    background-color: #d5dfe9;
}
#search_help td, th {
    border: 1px solid black;
    margin: 1em;
    padding: 1em 2em;
}
#article_list td, th {
    border: 1px solid black;
    margin: 1em;
}
#article_list td.author {
    border: none;
}
.hit_count {
    position: absolute;
    right: 100px;
}
table.search_results {
    margin-left: 30px;
}
.cluster {
    padding-left: 30px;
}

/***************************************************
 * SSearch
 * ************************************************/
div.ssDescFilters fieldset, div.ssDateFilters fieldset, div.ssNumFilters fieldset, div.ssBoolFilters fieldset, div.ssSearchInFilters fieldset  {
    border: 1px solid black !important;
}

button#ssDoSearch, button#ssDoSearch2, button#ssClear {
    padding: 2px !important;
    border: 1px solid black !important;
}

/***************************************************
Footer
***************************************************/
#footer {
    width: 100%;
    float: left;
    border-top: solid 1px;
    margin-top: 2em;
    padding: .5em 0.5em;
    font-size: .75em;
    color: #333333;
}
</style>
      <style type="text/css" media="print">/* CSS for DHQ print */

body {
    font-size: 9pt;
    margin: 0;
}
a {
    color: #000000;
    text-decoration: none;
}
h1 {
    font-size: 14pt;
}
h2 {
    font-size: 12pt;
}
h3 {
    font-size: 10pt;   
}
h4 {
    font-size: 9pt;  
}
h5 {
    font-size: 9pt;    
}
h6 {
    font-size: 9pt;   
}

/***************************************************
Banner, Top Navigation
***************************************************/
#top {
    display: none;
}

#topNavigation {
    display: none;
}

#topnavlinks {
    display: none;
}

#topnavsearch {
    display: none;
}	

#banner {
    display: none;
}

#dhqlogo {
    display: none;
}

#longdhqlogo {
    display: none;
}

/***************************************************
Side Navigation, Side Content
***************************************************/
#leftsidebar {
    display: none;
}
#leftsidenav {
    display: none;
}
#leftsideID	{
    display: none;
}
.leftsidecontent {
    display: none;
}

/***************************************************
Main Content
***************************************************/
div.toolbar {
    display: none;
}
#mainContent {
    float: none;
    padding: 5pt;
    margin-left: 1.5em;
    margin-right:1.5em;
}
#printSiteTitle {
    font-size: 16pt;
    font-weight: bold;
}
div.figure,
div.example,
div.table {
    page-break-inside: avoid;
}
p {
    max-width: 95%;
}
.viewAbstract {
    display: none;
}
#abstract {
    border: 1px solid black;
    margin: 1em;
    margin-bottom: 4em;
    font-size: 9pt;
    width: 80%;
    padding: 1em 1em 1em 3em;
}
p.label, div.counter, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
    page-break-after: avoid;
}
p.caption, p.ptr, p.ref  {
    page-break-before: avoid;
}

div.epigraph, div.example {
page-break-inside: avoid;
}

img {
max-height:5in;
}


/***************************************************
Footer
***************************************************/
#footer {
	display: none;
}

#comments {
display:none;
}

script {
display:none;
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%0A" 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%0A" /></div>
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gLrAPKcQpTa+EZL8rpEySv/icUhWXz1q7MlCILINcgDbnblVc6TvL3qjpSMXrWXlXd5JN5rz3mCIIhcgeY5VE9Jee3atWvT5rcfGltj8Z9wUMKFqQpy7m6702EwwHdpHgRB5DqwG6v9P3exKJ2JUs1GR/JoFKpnELHjP6TY/+gZK99Xrlx5mk71DkEQRGNGJks1c7a6hiAIgvBHHlVAEARBkicIgiBI8gRBEERjwn8EGADj4fbTEO9QqAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==%0A" 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            <div id="printSiteTitle">DHQ: Digital Humanities Quarterly</div>
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               <h1>2025 19.4</h1>
               		
               	
               		
               			
               <h2>History and Data Science: Data-driven Inquiries into the Past</h2>
               			
               <div class="cluster">
                  <h3>Editors: Gabor Mihaly Toth, Caitlin Burge, Marten Düring, and Christoph Purschke</h3>
               </div>
               			
               <div class="cluster">
                  <h3>Front Matter</h3>
                  				
                  <div class="articleInfo" style="margin:0 0 1em 0;"><span class="monospace">[en] </span><a href="vol/19/4/000842/000842.html">Introduction: History and Data Science: Data-driven Inquiries into the Past</a><div style="padding-left:1em; margin:0;text-indent:-1em;">Gabor Mihaly Toth, Center for Contemporary and Digital History, University of Luxembourg</div><span class="viewAbstract">Abstract
                        <span class="viewAbstract monospace" style="display:inline" id="abstractExpanderabstract000842en"><a title="View Abstract" class="expandCollapse monospace" href="javascript:expandAbstract('abstract000842en')">[en]</a></span><span style="display:none" class="abstract" id="abstract000842en">
                           The integration of data science methods into historical research is an emerging joint
                           focus
                           of digital humanities and history. This new research area applies data science methods
                           to
                           study large historical datasets, such as correspondences, chronicles, oral history
                           interviews, photos, and maps. As part of the overarching goal to further our knowledge
                           of
                           the past, the application of data science methods in historical research involves
                           an array
                           of epistemological questions as well. For instance, what can count as evidence and
                           knowledge in the context of data driven inquiries into the past?
                           </span></span><span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction%3A%20History%20and%20Data%20Science%3A%20Data-driven%20Inquiries%20into%20the%20Past&amp;rft.jtitle=Digital%20Humanities%20Quarterly&amp;rft.stitle=DHQ&amp;rft.issn=1938-4122&amp;rft.date=2026-01-30&amp;rft.volume=019&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=Mihaly Toth&amp;rft.aufirst=Gabor&amp;rft.au=Gabor%20Mihaly Toth"> </span></div>
                  			</div>
               			
               <div class="cluster">
                  <h3>Articles</h3>
                  				
                  <div class="articleInfo" style="margin:0 0 1em 0;"><span class="monospace">[en] </span><a href="vol/19/4/000814/000814.html">Evaluating and Understanding the Geocoding of City
                        Directories of Paris (1787-1914): Data-Driven Geography of Urban Sprawl and
                        Densification</a><div style="padding-left:1em; margin:0;text-indent:-1em;">Julie Gravier, Laboratoire ThéMA UMR 6049, CNRS, Université Marie et Louis Pasteur;
                        Stéphane Baciocchi, Centre de Recherches Historiques, EHESS-CNRS UMR 8558; Pascal
                        Cristofoli, Centre de Recherches Historiques, EHESS-CNRS UMR 8558; Bertrand Duménieu,
                        Centre de Recherches Historiques, EHESS-CNRS UMR 8558; Edwin Carlinet, Laboratoire
                        de Recherche de l'EPITA; Joseph Chazalon, Laboratoire de Recherche de l'EPITA; Nathalie
                        Abadie, Université Gustave Eiffel, ENSG, IGN, LASTIG; Solenn Tual, Université Gustave
                        Eiffel, ENSG, IGN, LASTIG; Julien Perret, Université Gustave Eiffel, ENSG, IGN, LASTIG</div><span class="viewAbstract">Abstract
                        <span class="viewAbstract monospace" style="display:inline" id="abstractExpanderabstract000814en"><a title="View Abstract" class="expandCollapse monospace" href="javascript:expandAbstract('abstract000814en')">[en]</a></span><span style="display:none" class="abstract" id="abstract000814en">
                           
                           As in other western cities, the fast-paced urban, industrial, and commercial sprawl
                           of Paris during the 19th century provided the backdrop and driving force for the
                           publishing phenomenon of trade directories. We show how these collections of millions
                           of nominative entries associated with addresses can be turned into a serial dataset
                           whose massive, fine-grained, and geolocated nature opens up new possibilities for
                           quantitative and multi-scale analyses of the dynamics at play during one of the most
                           dramatic socio-spatial transformations of the city. We highlight the methodological
                           conditions of such data-driven analyses and emphasize the importance of understanding
                           source effects. The findings underscore the significance of data science in
                           critically evaluating digital sources and adhering to best practices in the
                           production of large historical datasets.
                           </span></span><span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Evaluating%20and%20Understanding%20the%20Geocoding%20of%20City%20Directories%20of%20Paris%20(1787-1914)%3A%20Data-Driven%20Geography%20of%20Urban%20Sprawl%20and%20Densification&amp;rft.jtitle=Digital%20Humanities%20Quarterly&amp;rft.stitle=DHQ&amp;rft.issn=1938-4122&amp;rft.date=2026-01-30&amp;rft.volume=019&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=Gravier&amp;rft.aufirst=Julie&amp;rft.au=Julie%20Gravier&amp;rft.au=Stéphane%20Baciocchi&amp;rft.au=Pascal%20Cristofoli&amp;rft.au=Bertrand%20Duménieu&amp;rft.au=Edwin%20Carlinet&amp;rft.au=Joseph%20Chazalon&amp;rft.au=Nathalie%20Abadie&amp;rft.au=Solenn%20Tual&amp;rft.au=Julien%20Perret"> </span></div>
                  				
                  <div class="articleInfo" style="margin:0 0 1em 0;"><span class="monospace">[en] </span><a href="vol/19/4/000813/000813.html">Assemblies of Points: Strategies to
                        Art-historical Human Pose Estimation and Retrieval</a><div style="padding-left:1em; margin:0;text-indent:-1em;">Stefanie Schneider, LMU Munich</div><span class="viewAbstract">Abstract
                        <span class="viewAbstract monospace" style="display:inline" id="abstractExpanderabstract000813en"><a title="View Abstract" class="expandCollapse monospace" href="javascript:expandAbstract('abstract000813en')">[en]</a></span><span style="display:none" class="abstract" id="abstract000813en">
                           
                           This paper attempts to construct a virtual space of possibilities for the
                           historical embedding of the human figure, and its posture, in the visual arts by
                           proposing a view-invariant approach to Human Pose Retrieval (HPR) that resolves
                           the ambiguity of projecting three-dimensional postures onto their
                           two-dimensional counterparts. In addition, we present a refined approach for
                           classifying human postures using a support set of 110 art-historical reference
                           postures. The method’s effectiveness on art-historical images was validated
                           through a two-stage approach of broad-scale filtering preceded by a detailed
                           examination of individual postures: an aggregate-level analysis of
                           metadata-induced hotspots, and an individual-level analysis of topic-centered
                           query postures. As a case study, we examined depictions of the crucified, which
                           often adhere to a canonical form with little variation over time — making it an
                           ideal subject for testing the validity of Deep Learning (DL)-based methods.
                           </span></span><span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Assemblies%20of%20Points%3A%20Strategies%20to%20Art-historical%20Human%20Pose%20Estimation%20and%20Retrieval&amp;rft.jtitle=Digital%20Humanities%20Quarterly&amp;rft.stitle=DHQ&amp;rft.issn=1938-4122&amp;rft.date=2026-01-30&amp;rft.volume=019&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=Schneider&amp;rft.aufirst=Stefanie&amp;rft.au=Stefanie%20Schneider"> </span></div>
                  				
                  <div class="articleInfo" style="margin:0 0 1em 0;"><span class="monospace">[en] </span><a href="vol/19/4/000791/000791.html">A Critical Collection History of Nineteenth-century
                        Women’s Letters: Overcoming the Occluded Archive with Data-Driven
                        Methods</a><div style="padding-left:1em; margin:0;text-indent:-1em;">Ilona Pikkanen, The Finnish Literature Society; Matti La Mela, Uppsala University;
                        Hanna-Leena Paloposki, Independent Scholar; Jouni Tuominen, University of Helsinki
                        and Aalto University</div><span class="viewAbstract">Abstract
                        <span class="viewAbstract monospace" style="display:inline" id="abstractExpanderabstract000791en"><a title="View Abstract" class="expandCollapse monospace" href="javascript:expandAbstract('abstract000791en')">[en]</a></span><span style="display:none" class="abstract" id="abstract000791en">
                           
                           This paper presents a “virtual archive” of women’s epistolary exchange in
                           19th-century Finland. By harmonising metadata from over 1.2 million letters and over
                           100,000 correspondents across key cultural heritage organisations and leveraging
                           linked open data, we gain an unprecedented view of 19th-century epistolary
                           communication and 20th-century archival practices. Using quantitative analysis,
                           enriched metadata, and network visualisations, we explore the gendered nature of
                           these collections. Are women archival protagonists, or are their materials embedded
                           within the collections of male relatives? Do the data reveal overlooked women with
                           extensive archival networks absent from historical narratives? We introduce the
                           framework of “critical collection history,” which combines theoretical debates
                           and research interests from critical archival studies and digital history and
                           combines them with contemporary digital methods. This approach underscores the
                           necessity for scholars using data-driven methods in historical research to critically
                           engage with digitised archives. Moreover, critical collection history highlights how
                           “big cultural heritage metadata” can expose archival biases and enhance our
                           understanding of source limitations – biases that digital scholarship may
                           unintentionally perpetuate.
                           </span></span><span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=A%20Critical%20Collection%20History%20of%20Nineteenth-century%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Letters%3A%20Overcoming%20the%20Occluded%20Archive%20with%20Data-Driven%20Methods&amp;rft.jtitle=Digital%20Humanities%20Quarterly&amp;rft.stitle=DHQ&amp;rft.issn=1938-4122&amp;rft.date=2026-01-30&amp;rft.volume=019&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=Pikkanen&amp;rft.aufirst=Ilona&amp;rft.au=Ilona%20Pikkanen&amp;rft.au=Matti%20La Mela&amp;rft.au=Hanna-Leena%20Paloposki&amp;rft.au=Jouni%20Tuominen"> </span></div>
                  				
                  <div class="articleInfo" style="margin:0 0 1em 0;"><span class="monospace">[en] </span><a href="vol/19/4/000812/000812.html">Making Sense of the Emergence of Manslaughter in British Criminal Justice</a><div style="padding-left:1em; margin:0;text-indent:-1em;">Tim Hitchcock, Professor Emeritus of Digital History, University of Sussex; William
                        J. Turkel, Professor of History, The University of Western Ontario</div><span class="viewAbstract">Abstract
                        <span class="viewAbstract monospace" style="display:inline" id="abstractExpanderabstract000812en"><a title="View Abstract" class="expandCollapse monospace" href="javascript:expandAbstract('abstract000812en')">[en]</a></span><span style="display:none" class="abstract" id="abstract000812en">
                           
                           Manslaughter emerged as a new and distinct category of crime amongst those tried at
                           the Old Bailey in London in the first half of the nineteenth century. From being a
                           rare charge in 1800, manslaughter came to represent over 60% of all trials for ‘killing’
                           by the 1850s. This article describes the methodologies used by the authors to explore
                           this phenomenon via trials included in the Old Bailey Online. It details the use of
                           unsupervised clustering, embeddings and relevance measures to map the changing language
                           associated with the charge of manslaughter; and more importantly, describes the application
                           of top-down ‘sense making’ methodologies to the resulting analysis. Along the way
                           it argues for the importance of including qualitative judgements by subject specialists
                           in the process of developing quantitative analyses. Inter Alia it suggests that the
                           rise of manslaughter was the result of a complex set of forces including changing
                           statute law, the rise of a professional police, changes in the administration of coroners’
                           courts, and a growing public intolerance of violence.
                           </span></span><span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Making%20Sense%20of%20the%20Emergence%20of%20Manslaughter%20in%20British%20Criminal%20Justice&amp;rft.jtitle=Digital%20Humanities%20Quarterly&amp;rft.stitle=DHQ&amp;rft.issn=1938-4122&amp;rft.date=2026-01-30&amp;rft.volume=019&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=Hitchcock&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;rft.au=Tim%20Hitchcock&amp;rft.au=William J.%20Turkel"> </span></div>
                  				
                  <div class="articleInfo" style="margin:0 0 1em 0;"><span class="monospace">[en] </span><a href="vol/19/4/000815/000815.html">Image Reuse in Eighteenth-Century Book History: Large-Scale Data-Driven Study of Headpiece
                        Ornament Variants</a><div style="padding-left:1em; margin:0;text-indent:-1em;">Ruilin Wang, University of Helsinki; Lidia Pivovatova, University of Helsinki; Yann
                        Ryan, Digital Humanities and postdoctoral researcher, Leiden University; Enes Yılandiloğlu,
                        University of Helsinki; Mikko Tolonen, University of Helsinki</div><span class="viewAbstract">Abstract
                        <span class="viewAbstract monospace" style="display:inline" id="abstractExpanderabstract000815en"><a title="View Abstract" class="expandCollapse monospace" href="javascript:expandAbstract('abstract000815en')">[en]</a></span><span style="display:none" class="abstract" id="abstract000815en">
                           This study uses large-scale computational analysis to trace the reuse of decorative
                           headpieces in eighteenth-century books. The results highlight how image variants reveal
                           complex networks of printers and publishers beyond simple one-to-one ownership.
                           </span></span><span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Image%20Reuse%20in%20Eighteenth-Century%20Book%20History%3A%20Large-Scale%20Data-Driven%20Study%20of%20Headpiece%20Ornament%20Variants&amp;rft.jtitle=Digital%20Humanities%20Quarterly&amp;rft.stitle=DHQ&amp;rft.issn=1938-4122&amp;rft.date=2026-01-30&amp;rft.volume=019&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=Wang&amp;rft.aufirst=Ruilin&amp;rft.au=Ruilin%20Wang&amp;rft.au=Lidia%20Pivovatova&amp;rft.au=Yann%20Ryan&amp;rft.au=Enes%20Yılandiloğlu&amp;rft.au=Mikko%20Tolonen"> </span></div>
                  			</div>
               		
               		
               		
               <h2>Articles</h2>
               			
               <div class="articleInfo" style="margin:0 0 1em 0;"><span class="monospace">[en] </span><a href="vol/19/4/000808/000808.html">Contextual Semantic Text and Image Annotation in the MARKUS Environment
                     </a><div style="padding-left:1em; margin:0;text-indent:-1em;">Hilde De Weerdt, KU Leuven &amp; International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam;
                     Hou Ieong (Brent) Ho, Berlin State Library, East Asia Department; Rainer Simon, Independent
                     research software engineer; Sunkyu Lee, KU Leuven; Sander Molenaar, International
                     Institute of Social History (IISH); Wangzhi Xi, KU Leuven; Dawn (Lizao) Zhuang, KU
                     Leuven; Iva Stojević, Independent researcher; Hsieh-Chang Tu, National Taiwan University;
                     Taylor Zaneri, Postdoctoral researcher, University of Antwerp; Nung-Yao Lin, National
                     Taiwan University; Meret Meister, KU Leuven</div><span class="viewAbstract">Abstract
                     <span class="viewAbstract monospace" style="display:inline" id="abstractExpanderabstract000808en"><a title="View Abstract" class="expandCollapse monospace" href="javascript:expandAbstract('abstract000808en')">[en]</a></span><span style="display:none" class="abstract" id="abstract000808en">
                        In this article we discuss the rationale behind the design of COMARKUS and IMMARKUS,
                        two browser-based annotation services for the creation of complex semantic text- and
                        image annotations, in the form of both individual entities or tags with properties
                        and clusters of entities or tags also with their own set of properties. We first discuss
                        the challenges we faced with existing text and image annotation platforms, using as
                        our case a longue-durée social history of Chinese material infrastructures including
                        city walls, roads, and bridges. We explain how methodological design and redesign
                        constituted an urgent need issuing from both theoretical and empirical findings. In
                        the other two sections we set out how COMARKUS and IMMARKUS were designed to address
                        those challenges and facilitate an event- or cluster-based cross-media history of
                        infrastructures. Throughout we aim to illustrate the more general use of COMARKUS
                        and IMMARKUS annotation methods and show how annotation results can be visualized
                        and analyzed in the cross-media information retrieval platform X-MARKUS and spatial
                        analysis service MUNDa, or exported for analysis in a broad range of data analytical
                        environments. We also discuss how machine learning and Generative AI are included
                        in these services and can be made part of a humanities research flow aimed at the
                        contextualization of research data. We see this methodological design as part of a
                        broader effort to face the challenge of the contextualization of data, focusing on
                        the semantic modeling of image and text sources, the traceability of image regions
                        and textual entity and data cluster locations, and the uses of piece and source metadata
                        in data analytics.
                        
                        </span></span><span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Contextual%20Semantic%20Text%20and%20Image%20Annotation%20in%20the%20MARKUS%20Environment&amp;rft.jtitle=Digital%20Humanities%20Quarterly&amp;rft.stitle=DHQ&amp;rft.issn=1938-4122&amp;rft.date=2025-11-14&amp;rft.volume=019&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=De Weerdt&amp;rft.aufirst=Hilde&amp;rft.au=Hilde%20De Weerdt&amp;rft.au=Hou Ieong (Brent)%20Ho&amp;rft.au=Rainer%20Simon&amp;rft.au=Sunkyu%20Lee&amp;rft.au=Sander%20Molenaar&amp;rft.au=Wangzhi%20Xi&amp;rft.au=Dawn (Lizao)%20Zhuang&amp;rft.au=Iva%20Stojević&amp;rft.au=Hsieh-Chang%20Tu&amp;rft.au=Taylor%20Zaneri&amp;rft.au=Nung-Yao%20Lin&amp;rft.au=Meret%20Meister"> </span></div>	
               			
               <div class="articleInfo" style="margin:0 0 1em 0;"><span class="monospace">[en] </span><a href="vol/19/4/000819/000819.html">Designing for discovery: using web maps in the
                     digital humanities</a><div style="padding-left:1em; margin:0;text-indent:-1em;">Gethin Rees, Department of Digital Humanities, King’s College London</div><span class="viewAbstract">Abstract
                     <span class="viewAbstract monospace" style="display:inline" id="abstractExpanderabstract000819en"><a title="View Abstract" class="expandCollapse monospace" href="javascript:expandAbstract('abstract000819en')">[en]</a></span><span style="display:none" class="abstract" id="abstract000819en">
                        
                        Web map interfaces such as OpenStreetMap or Google Maps share a set of visual and
                        interactive features that are widely used for navigation and discovering information.
                        Associated software components such as Leaflet or Google Maps Embed API have become
                        the de facto standard for geographical visualisation in the
                        digital humanities. This article examines how the needs of humanities researchers
                        can
                        inform the design of these web map components’ features. Visual analysis and
                        discovery use cases for web maps are introduced based on the TaDiRAH taxonomy of
                        digital research activities. Visual analysis offers researchers opportunities to gain
                        geographical insights from patterns in humanities data. Yet visual features of web
                        map components such as the Web Mercator projection and background mapping tiles are
                        only appropriate for the analysis of certain regions and scales. A discovery use case
                        is introduced with the aim of using the map to access research objects. The article
                        argues that visual features such as vector representations and popups can be designed
                        to guide the user towards accessing rich content beyond the map. This use case aligns
                        with researchers’ experience of using web map components elsewhere and projects that
                        wish to encourage usage of research objects. Web map components have expedited the
                        process of creating visualisations. Yet their convenience has led to a lack of
                        spatial literacy and critical reflection. The article argues that historical and
                        wider usage should be considered when appropriating any form of visualisation.
                        Examining the research process helps the design of visualisations to support use
                        cases, guiding users in addressing the open-ended and complex questions of the
                        humanities.
                        </span></span><span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Designing%20for%20discovery%3A%20using%20web%20maps%20in%20the%20digital%20humanities&amp;rft.jtitle=Digital%20Humanities%20Quarterly&amp;rft.stitle=DHQ&amp;rft.issn=1938-4122&amp;rft.date=2025-11-14&amp;rft.volume=019&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.aulast=Rees&amp;rft.aufirst=Gethin&amp;rft.au=Gethin%20Rees"> </span></div>
               			
               <div class="articleInfo" style="margin:0 0 1em 0;"><span class="monospace">[en] </span><a href="vol/19/4/000820/000820.html">Validity and Verifiability: Toward a Hybrid
                     Framework for Evaluating Digital Humanities in India</a><div style="padding-left:1em; margin:0;text-indent:-1em;">Vinayak Das Gupta, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, India</div><span class="viewAbstract">Abstract
                     <span class="viewAbstract monospace" style="display:inline" id="abstractExpanderabstract000820en"><a title="View Abstract" class="expandCollapse monospace" href="javascript:expandAbstract('abstract000820en')">[en]</a></span><span style="display:none" class="abstract" id="abstract000820en">
                        
                        This article examines how evaluative infrastructures in Indian higher education —
                        such as the UGC’s Academic Performance Index (API), NAAC’s accreditation
                        rubrics, and NIRF rankings — continue to marginalise digital scholarly work by
                        equating academic value with print-based authorship and closure. Taking digital
                        curation as a diagnostic form, it traces how infrastructural, collaborative, and
                        multilingual labour remains epistemically invisible within systems designed for
                        singular outputs. Drawing on global debates in digital humanities, it situates
                        the Indian case within broader questions of legitimacy and rigour. The paper
                        proposes a hybrid evaluative framework that integrates processual,
                        collaborative, and infrastructural criteria into institutional assessment.
                        Grounded in Indian intellectual and policy contexts, it argues that recognising
                        digital scholarship is an act of epistemic accountability, redefining what
                        counts as knowledge, and who is authorised to produce it, in the contemporary
                        humanities.
                        </span></span><span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Validity%20and%20Verifiability%3A%20Toward%20a%20Hybrid%20Framework%20for%20Evaluating%20Digital%20Humanities%20in%20India&amp;rft.jtitle=Digital%20Humanities%20Quarterly&amp;rft.stitle=DHQ&amp;rft.issn=1938-4122&amp;rft.date=2025-11-21&amp;rft.volume=019&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=Das Gupta&amp;rft.aufirst=Vinayak&amp;rft.au=Vinayak%20Das Gupta"> </span></div>
               			
               <div class="articleInfo" style="margin:0 0 1em 0;"><span class="monospace">[en] </span><a href="vol/19/4/000822/000822.html">User Experience (UX) Heuristics for the Digital
                     Humanities</a><div style="padding-left:1em; margin:0;text-indent:-1em;">Elizabeth Rodwell, University of Houston; Kristina Neumann, University of Houston;
                     Peggy Lindner, Missouri University of Science and Technology</div><span class="viewAbstract">Abstract
                     <span class="viewAbstract monospace" style="display:inline" id="abstractExpanderabstract000822en"><a title="View Abstract" class="expandCollapse monospace" href="javascript:expandAbstract('abstract000822en')">[en]</a></span><span style="display:none" class="abstract" id="abstract000822en">
                        
                        Although engaging with both academic and general audiences is a key objective of
                        the digital humanities, the extent to which this value influences the full
                        development of a project is less certain. User Experience (UX) has an especially
                        uneven status within DH practice, despite its critical role in producing the
                        best and most accessible versions of highly conceptual, scholarly, and
                        discipline-heavy projects. The disparity results from uncertainties about
                        terminology, methodology, and the transferability of industry practices to
                        humanities research. In response, this article advocates for a reinvention of UX
                        for DH, thus enabling it to serve effectively as a bridge for interdisciplinary
                        teams and help ensure audience comprehension and engagement. As one tangible
                        example of this reinvention, we propose ten user experience heuristics against
                        which digital projects, tools, and platforms can be developed, evaluated, and
                        refined. These flexible guidelines are both practical and theoretical in that
                        they address common impediments that users encounter in content-rich projects of
                        DH and collectively represent the cognitive shift that occurs when translating
                        humanistic inquiry into computational methods and environments. 
                        </span></span><span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=User%20Experience%20(UX)%20Heuristics%20for%20the%20Digital%20Humanities&amp;rft.jtitle=Digital%20Humanities%20Quarterly&amp;rft.stitle=DHQ&amp;rft.issn=1938-4122&amp;rft.date=2025-11-21&amp;rft.volume=019&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=Rodwell&amp;rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&amp;rft.au=Elizabeth%20Rodwell&amp;rft.au=Kristina%20Neumann&amp;rft.au=Peggy%20Lindner"> </span></div>
               		
               	
               <h2><a href="vol/19/4/bios.html">Author Biographies</a></h2>
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